Scale Degrees
Introduction to Primary Chords in Major Keys
Let's begin this lesson by learning about scale degrees.
Scale Degrees
The individual notes of a scale are called scale degrees and may be identified by numbers or function names. Here are the function names for the individual degrees of a major scale.
| Scale Degree | Function Name |
|---|---|
| 1 | Tonic |
| 2 | Supertonic |
| 3 | Mediant |
| 4 | Subdominant |
| 5 | Dominant |
| 6 | Submediant |
| 7 | *Leading Tone |
*With natural minor scales (which we will study in a later lesson), the seventh scale degree will have a different function name (subtonic).
Here is a C major scale, with each scale degree labeled with a number.
Triads
A triad is a three-note chord. Let's use the piano to see how to build triads using the notes of a scale.
Roman numerals are commonly used to identify triads (or chords). The Roman numeral correlates to the scale degree of the root of the chord. Uppercase Roman numerals are used when identifying major chords. Lowercase Roman numerals are used to indicate minor and diminished chords.
Primary Chords
The primary chords are the most important chords of any key. The primary chords are based on the first, fourth, and fifth scale degrees. In the key of C major, the primary chords are C, F, and G. These chords are often referred to by their Roman numeral name (I, IV, and V) or their function name (tonic, subdominant, and dominant).
Many songs may be played using only the primary chords for the accompaniment harmony. Listen to "Amazing Grace" as it is played in the key of C major, using the primary chords for the accompaniment harmony. Notice the song begins and ends on with the tonic chord, C.
